Effects of solid lipid nanocarrier containing methyl urolithin A by coating folate-bound chitosan and evaluation of its anti-cancer activity.

BACKGROUND: Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have received much attention over the past decade. In the present study, we synthesized Methyl Urolithin A-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles decorated with the folic acid-linked chitosan layer called MuSCF-NPs and investigated their effects on cancer cells. METHODS: MuSCF-NPs were prepared using a high-pressure homogenization method and characterized using FTIR, FESEM, DLS, and zeta potential methods. Drug encapsulation was assessed by spectrophotometry and its cytotoxic effect on various cancer cells (MDA-MB231, MCF-7, PANC, AGS, and HepG2) by the MTT method. Antioxidant activity was assessed by the ABTS and DPPH methods, followed by expression of genes involved in oxidative stress and apoptosis by qPCR and flow cytometry. RESULTS: The results showed the formation of monodisperse and stable round nanoparticles with a size of 84.8 nm. The drug loading efficiency in MuSCF-NPs was reported to be 88.6%. MuSCF-NPs exhibited selective cytotoxicity against MDA-MB231 cells (IC50 = 40 µg/mL). Molecular analysis showed a significant increase in the expression of Caspases 3, 8, and 9, indicating that apoptosis was occurring in the treated cells. Moreover, flow cytometry results showed that the treated cells were arrested in his SubG1 phase, confirming the pro-apoptotic effect of the nanoparticles. The results indicate a high antioxidant effect of the nanoparticles with IC50 values ​​of 45 µg/mL and 1500 µg/mL against ABTS and DPPH, respectively. The reduction of catalase gene expression confirmed the pro-oxidant effect of nanoparticles in cancer cells treated at concentrations of 20 and 40 µg/mL. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, our findings suggest that the MuSCF-NPs are suitable candidates, especially for breast cancer preclinical studies.

Multicomponent Pathogen-Mimicking Nanoparticles Induce Intestinal Immune Responses against Paratuberculosis.

Given the worldwide problem posed by enteric pathogens, the discovery of safe and efficient intestinal adjuvants combined with novel antigen delivery techniques is essential to the design of mucosal vaccines. In this work, we designed poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based nanoparticles (NPs) to codeliver all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), novel antigens, and CpG. To address the insolubility of the intestinal adjuvant atRA, we utilized PLGA to encapsulate atRA and form a "nanocapsid" with polydopamine. By leveraging polydopamine, we adsorbed the water-soluble antigens and the TLR9 agonist CpG onto the NPs' surface, resulting in the pathogen-mimicking PLPCa NPs. In this study, the novel fusion protein (HBf), consisting of the Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis antigens HBHA, Ag85B, and Bfra, was coloaded onto the NPs. In vitro, PLPCa NPs were shown to promote the activation and maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Additionally, we found that PLPCa NPs created an immune-rich microenvironment at the injection site following intramuscular administration. From the results, the PLPCa NPs induced strong IgA levels in the gut in addition to enhancing powerful systemic immune responses. Consequently, significant declines in the bacterial burden and inflammatory score were noted in PLPCa NPs-treated mice. In summary, PLPCa can serve as a novel and safe vaccine delivery platform against gut pathogens, such as paratuberculosis, capable of activating both systemic and intestinal immunity.

The effects of metformin and PCL-sorafenib nanoparticle co-treatment on MCF-7 cell culture model of breast cancer.

Despite breakthrough therapeutics in breast cancer, it is one of the main causes of mortality among women worldwide. Thus, drug therapies for treating breast cancer have recently been developed by scientists. Metformin and sorafenib are well-known therapeutics in breast cancer. In the present study, we combined sorafenib and PCL-sorafenib with metformin to improve drug absorption and promote therapeutic efficiency. The MCF-7 cells were treated with metformin, sorafenib, or PCL-sorafenib. The growth inhibitory effect of these drugs and cell viability were assessed using MTT and flow cytometry assays, respectively. The expression of targeted genes involved in cell proliferation, signaling, and the cell cycle was measured by real-time PCR. The results showed that MCF-7 cells treated with metformin/sorafenib and PCL-sorafenib/metformin co-treatment contributed to 50% viability compared to the untreated group. Moreover, PI and Annexin V staining tests showed that the cell viability for metformin/sorafenib and PCL-sorafenib/metformin was 38% and 17%, respectively. Furthermore, sorafenib/metformin and PCL-sorafenib/metformin lead to p53 gene expression increase by which they can increase ROS, thereby decreasing GPX4 gene expression. In addition, they affected the expression of BCL2 and BAX genes and altered the cell cycle. Together, the combination of PCL-sorafenib/metformin and sorafenib/metformin increased sorafenib absorption at lower doses and also led to apoptosis and oxidative stress increases in MCF-7 cells.

Geochemistry and the optics of geospatial analysis as a preposition of water quality on a macroscale.

The water treatment depends exclusively on the identification of residues containing toxic chemical elements accumulated in NPs (nanoparticles), and ultrafine particles sourced from waste piles located at old, abandoned sulfuric acid factories containing phosphogypsum requires global attention. The general objective of this study is to quantify and analyze the hazardous chemical elements present in the leachate of waste from deactivated sulfuric acid factories, coupled in NPs and ultrafine particles, in the port region of the city of Imbituba, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Samples were collected in 2020, 2021, and 2022. Corresponding images from the Sentinel-3B OLCI satellite, taken in the same general vicinity, detected the levels of absorption coefficient of Detritus and Gelbstoff (ADG443_NN) in 443 m-1, chlorophyll-a (CHL_NN (m-3)), and total suspended matter (TSM_NN (g m-3) at 72 points on the marine coast of the port region. The results of inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) demonstrate that the leaching occurring in waste piles at the port area of Imbituba was the likely source of hazardous chemical elements (e.g., Mg, Sr, Nd, and Pr) in the environment. These leachates were formed due to the presence of coal pyrite and Fe-acid sulfates in said waste piles. The mobility of hazardous chemical elements potentiates changes in the marine ecosystem, in relation to ADG443_NN (m-1), CHL_NN (m-3), and TSM NN (g m-3), with values greater than 20 g m-3 found in 2021 and 2022. This indicated changes in the natural conditions of the marine ecosystem up to 30 km from the coast in the Atlantic Ocean, justifying public initiatives for water treatment on a global scale.

Simple and sensitive determination of Cr (III), Cu (II) and Pb (II) in tea infusions using AgNPs-modified resin combined with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.

The detection of heavy metals in tea infusions is important because of the potential health risks associated with their consumption. Existing highly sensitive detection methods pose challenges because they are complicated and time-consuming. In this study, we developed an innovative and simple method using Ag nanoparticles-modified resin (AgNPs-MR) for pre-enrichment prior to laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for the simultaneous analysis of Cr (III), Cu (II), and Pb (II) in tea infusions. Signal enhancement using AgNPs-MR resulted in amplification with limits of detection of 0.22 µg L-1 for Cr (III), 0.33 µg L-1 for Cu (II), and 1.25 µg L-1 for Pb (II). Quantitative analyses of these ions in infusions of black tea from various brands yielded recoveries ranging from 83.3% to 114.5%. This method is effective as a direct and highly sensitive technique for precisely quantifying trace concentrations of heavy metals in tea infusions.

Curcumin nanogel and its efficacy against oxidative stress and inflammation in rat models of ischemic stroke.

Aim: The study was designed to develop and analyze curcumin nanoparticles. Methods: Curcumin nanoparticles were formulated and evaluated. Their efficacy in protecting against brain damage was investigated in a rat model of ischemic stroke, considering motor function, muscle strength and antioxidant enzyme activity. Results: Curcumin nanoparticles displayed a zeta potential of -55 ± 13.5 mV and an average particle size of 51.40 ± 21.70 nm. In ischemic stroke rat models, curcumin nanoparticle treatment significantly improved motor functions, and muscle strength and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase, glutathione, glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Conclusion: Curcumin nanoparticles showed significant neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke models.

Electrospinning of poly(ethylene oxide)/glass hybrid nanofibres for anticounterfeiting encoding.

The use of photochromism to increase the credibility of consumer goods has shown great promise. To provide mechanically dependable anticounterfeiting nanofibres, it has also been critical to improve the engineering processes of authentication patterns. Mechanically robust and photoluminescent electrospun poly(ethylene oxide)/glass (PGLS) nanofibres (150-350 nm) immobilized with nanoparticles of lanthanide-doped aluminate (NLA; 8-15 nm) were developed using electrospinning technology for anticounterfeiting purposes. The provided nanofibrous membranes changed colour from transparent to green when irradiated with ultraviolet light. By delivering NLA with homogeneous distribution without aggregations, we were able to keep the nanofibrous membrane transparent. When excited at 365 nm, NLA@PGLS nanofibres showed an emission intensity at 517 nm. The hydrophobicity of NLA@PGLS nanofibres improved by raising the pigment concentration as the contact angle was increased from 146.4° to 160.3°. After being triggered by ultraviolet light, NLA@PGLS showed quick and reversible photochromism without fatigue. It was shown that the suggested method can be applied to reliably produce various anticounterfeiting materials.

Combination of Chemical and Physical Cancer Therapeutics Developed with Microcapsules Made of κ-Casein and Gold Nanoparticles in the Presence of Drug-Loaded Phase Change Materials.

Tumor heterogeneity requires development of an anticancer system equipped with both chemical and physical therapeutics to eradicate cancer exhibiting drug resistance and clonal evolution into diverse tumor cells. Assortment of various toxic components into one platform without compromising their individual toxic activity remains a formidable task. Herein, a novel drug delivery system (DDS) exerting potent cytotoxicity toward cancer cells was fabricated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) coated with an innocuous self-assembly protein of κ-casein (κC). Pickering emulsions of the κC-AuNP conjugates in the presence of chloroform inside led to the κC-AuNP microcapsules being stabilized via robust ß-sheet formation between κC molecules located on the single-layered shell made of κC-AuNPs. Phase change material (PCM) comprising a eutectic mixture of lauric acid and myristic acid with the melting point of 43 °C was encapsulated in the presence of a hydrophilic anticancer drug of doxorubicin (Dox), in which the PCM has played multiple functions such as drug-holding matrix and thermoresponsive gating material for drug release. Once liberated with the heat generated by the AuNPs upon a near-infrared (NIR) irradiation at 808 nm, the PCM by itself exhibited not only chemical cytotoxicity but also physical toxic effects such as membrane destabilization of the cells and a possible cellular fixative effect toward cancer cells by the solidified PCM at body temperature. Moreover, the PCM was shown to facilitate the intranuclear localization of Dox. As a result, the DDS comprising κC-AuNP microcapsules containing Dox-loaded PCM was demonstrated to show a powerful anticancer effect upon the NIR irradiation, which unleashed several toxic agents such as Dox, PCM, heat-generating AuNPs, and tissue-immobilizing solidified PCM. Therefore, the κC-AuNP microcapsules would serve as an anticancer system into which diverse chemical and physical therapeutic agents could be combined to effectively remove the heterogeneous and drug resistant cancer cells.

Morphology and optical properties of Au-Ag hybrid nanoparticles regulation and its ultra-sensitive SERS immunoassay detection in carbohydrate antigen 19-9.

The development of an ultra-sensitive detection method for carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) is very important for the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. In this work, we developed a new strategy to achieve a variety of Au-Ag hybrid nanoparticles from janus to core-satellite which is controlled by the volume of AgNO3 and the concentration of benzimidazolecarboxylic acid (MBIA). With the volume of AgNO3 increased, Au-Ag hybrid nanoparticles changed from janus to core-satellite and the characteristic absorption peak showed two opposite trends. The size and number of Ag islands were determined by the concentration of MBIA. Au-Ag core-satellites nanoparticles with a large number of small-sized Ag have the highest SERS intensity. Then we used them as SERS nanotags and Au-Polystyrene nanospheres modified by captured anti-CA19-9 antibody as solid substrates to realize the ultra-sensitive detection of CA19-9 with a low limit of detection of 1.25 × 10-6 IU/mL and a wide linear range of 1.00 × 10-5 -1.00 × 104 IU/mL. This work not only demonstrates that MBIA and AgNO3 were the key factors in the growth of Au-Ag hybrid nanoparticles from 2D to 3D structure but also supplies an ultra-sensitive detection method for CA19-9 which has a potential practicability in the clinical early diagnoses of pancreatic cancer.

Designing multitarget ligands for neurodegenerative diseases with improved permeability trough PLGA nanoencapsulation.

Multitarget ligands (MTLs) have emerged as an interesting alternative for addressing complex multifactorial pathologies such as neurodegenerative diseases. However, a common challenge associated with these compounds is often their high molecular weight and low solubility, which becomes a hurdle when trying to permeate over the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this study, we have designed two new MTLs that modulate three pharmacological targets simultaneously (tau, beta-amyloid and TAR DNA-binding protein 43). To enhance their brain penetration, we have formulated organic polymeric nanoparticles using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid). The characterization of the formulations, evaluation of their permeability through an in vitro BBB model, and assessment of their activity on disease-representative cellular models, such as Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, have been conducted. The results demonstrate the potential of the new MTLs and their nanoparticle encapsulation for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Comparative analysis of oral and local intraovarian administration of metformin and nanoparticles (NPs11) in alleviating testosterone-induced polycystic ovary syndrome in rats.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine and metabolic dysfunction. This study aims to compare the oral and local treatments of metformin or its nanoparticles (NPs11) for ameliorating PCOS in rats. Rats were divided into 4 groups: the control group with no drug treatment; the PCOS group, where subcutaneous testosterone was given (10 mg/kg/day) for 28 days; the MET group, where metformin was administered orally or locally; and the NP group, where metformin NPs11 were also administered orally or locally. Oral administrations were for 21 days, while local injection was performed once surgically. After 7 weeks, all rats were sacrificed; blood glucose and serum hormonal levels and lipid profile were estimated, and the ovaries were assessed by histopathological, Ki-67 immunohistochemical, and histomorphometric evaluations. Blood glucose levels were significantly decreased in groups of orally administered metformin or NPs11 only, while the most efficient option for modulating PCOS-induced hormonal and lipid profile changes was intraovarian injection of NPs11. The ovaries of PCOS rats demonstrated large follicular cysts, massive collagen depositions, and attenuated Ki-67 immunoexpression. Also, the PCOS group revealed a significant decrease in the count of all stages of growing follicles, corpora lutea, granulosa cell layer thickness, and surface area of corpora lutea, in addition to an increase in the number of atretic follicles and follicular cysts, theca cell layer thickness, and surface area of the follicular cysts. All these parameters were recovered with metformin or their NPs11 treatments in different degrees, while local injection of NPs11 was the best option.

Biocompatible silver nanoparticles as nanopriming mediators for improved rice germination and root growth: A transcriptomic perspective.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have an important role in agriculture since they have several applications that are essential for the enhanced yield of crops. Furthermore, they act as nano-pesticides, delivering a proper dose to the target plants without releasing unwanted pesticides into the environment. Upholding the sustainable nano agriculture, biocompatible silver nanoparticles were synthesised utilising Piper colubrinum Link. leaf extract. Different characterization methods (TEM, EDX and XRD) revealed that AgNPs were successfully formed and coated with phytochemicals that constituted the plant extract. Enhanced root development during the early post-germination phase is crucial for the success of direct seeding in rice cultivation. The effects of AgNPs on the growth of plant roots are poorly understood. In this work, Piper colubrinum mediated AgNPs-primed Oryza sativa L. seeds, at various concentrations (0, 50, 80, 100, and 150 mg/L), exceeded typical hydro-primed controls in terms of germination and seedling growth. Oryza sativa L. treated with AgNPs at a concentration of 80 mg/L enhanced root elongation. Additionally, exposure to AgNPs significantly enhanced the content of chlorophyll. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) study revealed that the identified pathways like Aromatic amino acid biosynthesis genes, Fatty acid biosynthesis genes, and Carotenoid biosynthesis genes were the most enriched. Some of the genes associated with root growth and development like glucosyltransferases, Glutathione pathway genes, Calcium-ion binding pathway genes, Peroxidase precursor and Nitrilase-associated protein were up regulated. Overall, AgNPs treatments promoted seed germination, growth, chlorophyll content and gene expression patterns, which might be attributable to the beneficial effects of AgNPs on rice.

Nanoparticle-neutrophils interactions for autoimmune regulation.

Neutrophils play an essential role as 'first responders' in the immune response, necessitating many immune-modulating capabilities. Chronic, unresolved inflammation is heavily implicated in the progression and tissue-degrading effects of autoimmune disease. Neutrophils modulate disease pathogenesis by interacting with the inflammatory and autoreactive cells through effector functions, including signaling, degranulation, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) release. Since the current gold standard systemic glucocorticoid administration has many drawbacks and side effects, targeting neutrophils in autoimmunity provides a new approach to developing therapeutics. Nanoparticles enable targeting of specific cell types and controlled release of a loaded drug cargo. Thus, leveraging nanoparticle properties and interactions with neutrophils provides an exciting new direction toward novel therapies for autoimmune diseases. Additionally, recent work has utilized neutrophil properties to design novel targeted particles for delivery into previously inaccessible areas. Here, we outline nanoparticle-based strategies to modulate neutrophil activity in autoimmunity, including various nanoparticle formulations and neutrophil-derived targeting.

Multifaceted therapeutic applications of biomimetic nanovaccines.

The development of vaccines has had a crucial role in preventing and controlling infectious diseases on a global scale. Innovative formulations of biomimetic vaccines inspired by natural defense mechanisms combine long-term antigen stability, immunogenicity, and targeted delivery with sustained release. Types of biomimetic nanoparticle (NP) include bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), cell membrane-decorated NPs, liposomes, and exosomes. These approaches have shown potential for cancer immunotherapy, and in antibacterial and antiviral applications. Despite current challenges, nanovaccines have immense potential to transform disease prevention and treatment, promising therapeutic approaches for the future. In this review, we highlight recent advances in biomimetic vaccine design, mechanisms of action, and clinical applications, emphasizing their role in personalized medicine, targeted drug delivery, and immunomodulation.

Nanocarriers of antigen proteins for vaccine delivery.

Nanoformulations in vaccinology provide antigen stability and enhanced immunogenicity, in addition to providing targeted delivery and controlled release. In the last years, much research has been focused on vaccine development using virus-like particles, liposomes, emulsions, polymeric, lipid, and inorganic nanoparticles. Importantly, nanoparticle interactions with innate and adaptive immune systems must be clearly understood to guide the rational development of nanovaccines. This review provides a recap and updates on different aspects advocating nanoparticles as promising antigen carriers and immune cell activators for vaccination. Moreover, it offers a discussion of how the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles are modified to target specific cells and improve vaccine efficacy.

Development and characterization of a first-in-class adjustable-dose gene therapy system.

INTRODUCTION: Despite significant potential, gene therapy has been relegated to the treatment of rare diseases, due in part to an inability to adjust dosage following initial administration. Other significant constraints include cost, specificity, antigenicity, and systemic toxicity of current generation technologies. To overcome these challenges, we developed a first-in-class adjustable-dose gene therapy system, with optimized biocompatibility, localization, durability, and cost. METHODS: A lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery system was developed and characterized by dynamic light scattering for size, zeta potential, and polydispersity. Cytocompatibility and transfection efficiency were optimized in vitro using primary human adipocytes and preadipocytes. Durability, immunogenicity, and adjustment of expression were evaluated in C57BL/6 and B6 albino mice using in vivo bioluminescence imaging. Biodistribution was assessed by qPCR and immunohistochemistry; therapeutic protein expression was quantified by ELISA. RESULTS: Following LNP optimization, in vitro transfection efficiency of primary human adipocytes reached 81.3 % +/-8.3 % without compromising cytocompatibility. Critical physico-chemical properties of the system (size, zeta potential, polydispersity) remained stable over a broad range of genetic cassette sizes (1,871-6,203 bp). Durable expression was observed in vivo over 6 months, localizing to subcutaneous adipose tissues at the injection site with no detectable transgene in the liver, heart, spleen, or kidney. Gene expression was adjustable using several physical and pharmacological approaches, including cryolipolysis, focused ultrasound, and pharmacologically inducible apoptosis. The ability of transfected adipocytes to express therapeutic transgenes ranging from peptides to antibodies, at potentially clinically relevant levels, was confirmed in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION: We report the development of a novel, low-cost therapeutic platform, designed to enable the replacement of subcutaneously administered protein treatments with a single-injection, adjustable-dose gene therapy.

Characterization of herpetrione amorphous nanoparticles stabilized by hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and its absorption mechanism in vitro.

Herpetrione(HPE) is an effective compound that has been used in the treatment of liver diseases. To improve its dissolution and absorption, herpetrione nanosuspensions was prepared. Nanosuspensions were proved to achieve intact absorption in vivo. However, the transport mechanisms are not fully understood, especially lack of direct evidence of translocation of particulates. In this study, an environment-responsive dye, P4, was loaded into herpetrione amorphous nanoparticles (HPE-ANPs) to elucidate the absorption and transport mechanism of the nanoparticles. And the amount of HPE and nanoparticles in the samples were quantified using HPLC/LC-MS/MS and IVIS with the model of Caco-2 and Caco-2/HT29-MTX. Results demonstrated that HPE is mainly taken up by passive diffusion in the form of free drugs, while HPE-ANPs are internalized by an energy dependent active transport pathway or intracellular endocytosis. It is speculated that HPE-ANPs may change the original entry pathway of drug molecules. Furthermore, the presence of mucus layer and the use of HPMC E15 may contribute to drug absorption to some extent. Transcellular transport study indicates that HPE-ANPs has a poor absorption. In conclusion, the differences in the absorption behavior trends of HPE-ANPs are caused by the difference in particle properties and the form of existence of the drug.

Synthesized arsenic nanoparticles and their high potential in biomedical applications: A review.

Arsenic with the scientific name AS is an element that exists everywhere. It is the fourth among the abundant elements in water, the twelfth in the human body, and the twentieth in the earth's crust. This element exists in sulfide, carbonate, and elemental forms. Different names of arsenic are known as white arsenic (As2O3), yellow arsenic (As2S3), and red arsenic (As4S4). Nowadays, due to its unique properties, arsenic has received much attention from researchers for use in the synthesis of arsenic nanoparticles. According to various studies, arsenic nanoparticles are synthesized by various methods, including biological, physical, and chemical, and it has been shown that the synthetic method used is very important because it has a significant effect on their shape, size, and biological function. Arsenic nanoparticles are among the nanoparticles that have attracted the attention of researchers due to their particle potential as well as their anticancer, antitumor, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial applications. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate arsenic nanoparticles biosynthesized by different physical, biological, and chemical methods and their biomedical applications.

Multifunctional (4-in-1) Therapeutic Applications of Nickel Thiocyanate Nanoparticles Impregnated Cotton Gauze as Antibacterial, Antibiofilm, Antioxidant and Wound Healing Agent.

The wounds, arises from accidents, burns, surgeries, diabetes, and trauma, can significantly impact well-being and present persistent clinical challenges. Ideal wound dressings should be flexible, stable, antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory in nature, facilitating a scarless rapid wound healing. Initiatives were taken to create antibacterial cotton fabrics by incorporating agents like antibiotics and metallic nanoparticles. However, due to a lack of multifunctionality, these materials were not highly effective in causing scarless and rapid wound healing. In this article, nickel thiocyanate nanoparticle (NiSCN-NPs) impregnated cotton gauze wound dressing (NiSCN-CG) was developed. These nanoparticles were non-toxic to normal human cell lines till 1 mg/mL dose and did not cause skin irritation in the rat model. Further, NiSCN-NPs exhibited antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antioxidant activities confirmed using different in vitro experiments. In vivo wound healing studies in rat models using NiSCN-CG demonstrated rapid scarless wound healing. The nickel thiocyanate impregnated cotton gauze presents a novel approach in scarless wound healing, and as an antimicrobial agent, offering a promising solution for diverse wounds and infections in the future.

Structural elucidation and development of azelaic acid loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles infused gel: Revolutionizing nanodrug delivery for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

This research aimed to enhance dermal delivery and optimize depigmentation therapy by designing mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) encapsulating azelaic acid (AZA) within a gel matrix. The MSNs were prepared using the sol-gel method. After subsequent processes, including acid extraction and drug loading, were then elucidated through PDI, size, zeta-potential, entrapment efficiency, nitrogen adsorption assay, FE-SEM, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and tyrosinase inhibition assay, were employed to assess the formulation. In-vitro stability tests for both AZA-MSN gel (AZCG) and AZA-loaded mesoporous silica gel (AZMG) were conducted at 8 °C, 25 °C, 40 °C, and 40 °C + 75 % RH, encompassing assessments of color, liquefaction, pH, and conductivity. Our findings showed a notable entrapment efficiency of 93.46 % for AZA-MSNs, with FE-SEM illustrating porous spherical MSNs. The particle size of AZA-MSNs was determined to be 211.9 nm, with a pore size of 2.47 nm and XRD analysis confirmed the amorphous state of AZA within the MSN carriers. Rheology examination indicated a non-Newtonian flow, while ex-vivo rat skin permeation studies conducted in a phosphate buffer (pH = 5.5) demonstrated a biphasic release pattern with 85.53 % cumulative drug permeation for AZA-MSNs. Overall, the study endorse the potential of AZA-MSNs as an efficacious and stable formulation for AZA delivery, highlighting their promise in addressing pigmentation concerns compared to conventional approaches.